KUALA LUMPUR: Since gaining independence in 1957, Malaysia has undergone a remarkable economic transformation, evolving from a primarily agriculture-based economy to a diversified and resilient one.
This journey of growth and development is a testament to strategic planning, adaptability, and visionary leadership, laying the foundation for sustained prosperity.
Malaysia's economic trajectory has not only ensured continued progress but has also positioned the country for a future focused on sustainability and innovation.
The Early Years: Agriculture and Commodities
In the years following independence, Malaysia's economy was predominantly reliant on agriculture and commodities.
Rubber and tin were the backbone of the economy, with the former being the country's largest export.
In fact, by the 1960s, Malaysia was the world's leading producer of both rubber and tin.
The reliance on these commodities, however, made the economy vulnerable to global price fluctuations, a risk that the government quickly recognised.
As Malaysia embarked on its nation-building journey, there was an urgent need to diversify the economy to ensure long-term sustainability and resilience.
This marked the beginning of a series of strategic initiatives aimed at transforming the economic landscape.
The Shift to Manufacturing: The 1970s and Beyond
The 1970s marked a pivotal era in Malaysia's economic transformation.
Recognising the limitations of an agriculture-based economy, the government, under the New Economic Policy (NEP) launched in 1971, began to shift the economic focus towards industrialisation.
The NEP aimed to reduce poverty and restructure society to eliminate the identification of race with economic function, which had been a source of tension.
This period saw the establishment of free trade zones, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and promoting export-oriented industrialisation.
The government also invested in infrastructure, such as roads, ports, and industrial estates, to support the burgeoning manufacturing sector.
Sunway University economics professor Dr Yeah Kim Leng noted that to reduce its high dependency on the agricultural sector, particularly plantation export commodities in the 1960s, Malaysia embarked on an FDI-led electronics and light manufacturing export development strategy in the early 1970s.
This was followed by a government-led heavy industries import substitution strategy in the 1980s.
"In the decades that follow, Malaysia benefitted from the rise in global trade and investment.
"The manufacturing industries integrated into regional production networks and global supply chains that expanded with rising globalisation.
"Led largely by FDI inflows, the shift up the value chain was however impeded by low domestic research and development (R&D) investment, weak technology transfers, inadequate indigenous technological capabilities and skills shortages," he told Business Times.
Yeah also pointed out that the decade following the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis was marked by low private investment, which hovered around 10 per cent to 12 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) compared to above 30 per cent before the financial crisis.
However, he noted that the surge in investment over the last two years has raised private investment-to-GDP levels to 16 per cent to 18 per cent, closer to the desired 20 per cent to 25 per cent level for a vibrant and fast-growing economy.
By the late 1970s and early 1980s, Malaysia had become a significant player in the global electronics and electrical products market.
The Penang Free Trade Zone (FTZ), established in 1972, became a hub for multinational corporations like Intel and Hewlett-Packard, propelling the nation into the global manufacturing arena.
IDEAS Malaysia economist and assistant research manager Doris Liew said Malaysia's industrialisation in the 1980s was significantly driven by the "Look East Policy" and the Penang FTZ played a pivotal role in attracting FDI.
She noted that over the decades, Malaysia has established itself as a prominent hub in the manufacturing sector, encompassing electrical and electronics (E&E), automobiles, chemicals, and appliances.
"This strong manufacturing ecosystem positions Malaysia advantageously in the face of increasing global demand for high-tech manufacturing, including artificial intelligence (AI), wafer fabrication, and energy transition-heavy industries like battery processing.
"Maintaining an open trade policy and a business-friendly environment will be crucial to sustaining Malaysia's competitiveness in these sectors," she said.
Doris pointed out that in the north, Kulim has already benefited from Penang's spillover effects and will continue to see such benefits.
"Meanwhile, in the central region, the Selangor integrated circuit (IC) design park targets high-value manufacturing, such as IC chip design.
"In the south, the Singapore-Johor special economic zone (SEZ) offers the potential to benefit from the strong spillover from Singapore and establish a third manufacturing zone," she said.
The success of the manufacturing sector not only reduced Malaysia's dependence on agriculture but also contributed significantly to employment, income growth, and urbanisation.
By the 1990s, manufacturing accounted for nearly 30 per cent of the country's GDP, with exports of manufactured goods driving economic growth.
The Rise of the Service Sector: 1990s to Present
As Malaysia continued its economic journey, the 1990s heralded another shift—this time towards the service sector.
Recognising the need to further diversify and add value to the economy, the government began promoting services such as finance, tourism, education, and information and communication technology (ICT).
The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), launched in 1996, was a significant milestone in this transition.
The MSC was envisioned as a high-tech hub, attracting global technology companies and fostering local innovation.
This initiative marked Malaysia's entry into the digital economy, positioning the country as a leader in ICT in the region.
The financial services sector also saw rapid growth, with Kuala Lumpur emerging as a regional financial centre.
The development of Islamic finance further solidified Malaysia's reputation in the global financial markets, with the country becoming a leading centre for Islamic banking and sukuk issuance.
Looking Forward: Malaysia's Future Economy
As Malaysia charts its course into the future, several key themes are expected to shape its economic trajectory: the green economy, the silver economy, and continued economic reform.
In terms of green economy, environmental sustainability is set to be a cornerstone of Malaysia's future economic strategy.
The government has recognised the need to transition to a low-carbon economy, with initiatives aimed at promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable practices across industries.
The Malaysia Renewable Energy Roadmap (MyRER) outlines ambitious targets for increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix, positioning the country as a leader in green technology in the region.
Commenting on this, Yeah said the National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR) has provided the policy direction and strategies to effect the shift to renewable energies, decarbonisation, carbon capture, storage and utilisation (CCSU) and efficient energy utilisation that underpin a green economy.
He added that there are green economy investment opportunities that are integrated with a circular economy driven by sustainable production and consumption where the carbon footprint, resource usage and wastes are minimised.
"The main challenges in undertaking green investments include high cost, access to financing and availability of technology which are either too costly or unproven," he noted.
Doris said Malaysia's NETR outlines ambitious plans to achieve net zero emissions. Numerous opportunities exist for greening the economy, including Tenaga Nasional Bhd's (TNB) initiative to decarbonize the grid and the growing use of sustainability-linked financial instruments in the financial sector.
"The transportation sector also offers significant potential for greening. As the electric vehicle (EV) cars are gaining traction, there is also room for growth in electric buses, trains, and bicycles. Additionally, creating more walkable cities can contribute to reducing carbon emissions.
"However, challenges remain. A lack of expertise and skilled workforce in sustainability-related fields hinders widespread adoption of green technologies and practices. Moreover, carbon reporting can be resource-intensive, particularly for Malaysia's 900,000 small and medium enterprises (SMEs)," she added.
With an ageing population, Malaysia is also focusing on the silver economy—leveraging the potential of the elderly as a source of economic growth.
This includes promoting healthcare, wellness, and financial services tailored to the needs of the elderly, as well as encouraging lifelong learning and active ageing.
The silver economy is expected to create new opportunities in various sectors, from healthcare to real estate.
Yeah suggested that Malaysia can further prepare its economy by tapping into the female labour force, which currently has a participation rate below its peer countries, and gradually raising the retirement age to 65.
He also stressed the importance of establishing old age social protection schemes and planning for higher spending on healthcare and aged care, where private sector investment can play a critical role in contributing to overall GDP growth.
Nevertheless, economic reform is expected to continue to be a key driver of Malaysia's growth, with a focus on enhancing productivity, improving governance, and fostering innovation.
The government's Shared Prosperity Vision (SPV) 2030 aims to ensure that all Malaysians benefit from the country's economic progress, addressing income disparities and promoting inclusive growth.
Yeah also noted that Malaysia needs to expand the infusion of technology across all sectors and raise investment in R&D and innovations to escape the 'middle-income trap'.
According to a recent World Bank report, these steps are crucial for ensuring that Malaysia continues on its path toward becoming a high-income nation.
Meanwhile, Doris highlighted that while the country faces challenges with brain drain, there is an increasing need to consider attracting foreign workers for both blue-collar and white-collar roles to help drive various industries.
She emphasised that this should be done cautiously to ensure that local workers are not put at a disadvantage.
"Foreign workers should be brought in as a complement to the domestic workforce, supporting continued economic growth.
"As the population ages, government spending on healthcare and social welfare will increase. Ensuring robust economic growth and government revenue is essential to sustain the care economy," said Doris.