In the dead of night on a bridge in southern China, around two dozen livestreamers sat crooning and chatting into microphones, their identical ring lights spaced a few metres apart in glowing rows.
The broadcasters gather in spots like this in the city of Guilin most nights in hope of standing out to users scrolling through reams of livestreams on Douyin, China's version of TikTok, where viewers can donate to their favourite streamers.
"There are too many indoor livestreamers," said 27-year-old Qiao Ya, who sings and talks about daily life to anyone who happens across her channel from 9pm to 3am every night.
"Since I'm relatively average and don't have any skills, I stream outside to use the views to attract online 'passers-by'."
Conditions can be harsh — when AFP visited this week, the temperature had dropped to almost 0°C with streamers bundled in thick blankets and some bringing small heaters.
"Viewers might feel if we're outdoors or just by ourselves late at night that it's very tough, so they might be nicer to us," said Qiao, who, like most Douyin performers, is signed with a livestreamer talent agency.
Livestreaming on apps like Douyin, which said it had 600 million users in 2020, is a popular way to make money in China.
Activities range from selling merchandise, demonstrating life hacks, singing and dancing to chatting with viewers.
Some livestreamers — like "Lipstick King" Li Jiaqi — have become e-commerce celebrities, making millions of dollars in endorsements and advertising fees through the platform.
But for those on the bridge, the earnings are much slimmer.
Viewers can buy virtual gifts for a range of prices — represented by emojis such as race cars, rockets and carrots — and give them to the streamers, who can convert them into money.
Qiao's only income comes from donations to her stream. On a good day, she makes up to 600 yuan over eight hours of streaming.
On a bad day, her takings can be as low as 10 yuan.
Qiao's agency takes a 10 per cent cut of her revenue in exchange for equipment rental and management of her social media presence.
Douyin takes another 50 per cent, leaving her with just 40 per cent of what she makes.
Douyin's parent company ByteDance, which also owns TikTok, reported US$18.3 billion in revenue in the first quarter of 2022.
Most of the streamers on the bridge on Monday were young women, with one of the few men wearing a furry frog suit.
For eyebrow tattooist Zhang Xiaoxiao, the broadcasts are an extra source of income.
She said the Covid pandemic had hit her profession hard, with beauty salons crippled by health restrictions.
"Pressure was very high and business was bleak... If not for this, I don't think I would be livestreaming," explained Zhang, 36, as she set up to work until 3am.
"I really enjoy singing and dancing, so I thought I would make it a side job, to be able to do something I liked."
Last October, Douyin issued a warning against public disturbances caused by outdoor livestreaming, though that has largely gone unheeded after an initial crackdown.
Zhang said sometimes people walking past react angrily to her.
"Some look at us with some discrimination. They ask 'why don't you find a normal job?'," she said.
"So we choose a place far away from the residents, to try to not disturb people, and where it's very safe."
The streamers' agencies send men who act as assistants and bodyguards — with some telling AFP — they occasionally had to move drunk people on or block inappropriate online viewers.
Despite the risks, big donations keep livestreamers like Qiao coming back.
"One guy scrolled past my roadside livestream one night at 2.20am and felt very touched," Qiao said.
The anonymous man gave her a 3,000-yuan donation.
"I was so happy that I went home early that night," Qiao said. "Livestreaming is actually very simple, it's like making friends."
* The writer is from the Agence France-Presse news agency